The dan (?) ranking system is used by many Japanese organizations and Korean martial arts to indicate the level of one's ability within a certain subject matter. As a ranking system, it was originally used at a go school during the Edo period. It is now also used in modern fine arts and martial arts.
The system was applied to martial arts in Japan by Kan? Jigor? (1860-1938), the founder of judo, in 1883, and later introduced to other East Asian countries. In the modern Japanese martial arts, holders of dan ranks often wear a black belt; those of higher rank may also wear red-and-white and red belts. Dan ranks are also given for strategic board games such as go, Japanese chess (sh?gi), and renju, as well as for cultural arts such as flower arrangement (ikebana), Japanese calligraphy (shod?) and tea ceremony (sad?).
The Chinese character for the word dan (?) literally means step or stage in Japanese, but is also used to refer to one's rank or grade, i.e., one's degree or level of expertise and knowledge. In Chinese pinyin, however, the same character is spelled duàn, and was originally used to mean phase. Dan is often used together with the word ky? (?) in certain ranking systems, with dan being used for the higher ranks and ky? being used for lower ranks.
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History
The dan ranking system in go was devised by Hon'inb? D?saku (1645-1702), a professional go player in the Edo period. Prior to the invention, top-to-bottom ranking was evaluated by comparison of handicap and tended to be vague. Dosaku valued the then highest title holder, Meijin at 9 Dan. He was likely inspired by an ancient Chinese go ranking system (9 Pin Zhi) and an earlier court ranking system (nine-rank system), although lower numbers are more senior in those systems.
Dan ranks were transferred to martial arts by Kan? Jigor? (1860-1938), the founder of judo. Kan? started the modern rank system in 1883 when he awarded shodan (the lowest dan rank) to two of his senior students (Shiro Saigo and Tomita Tsunejir?). Prior to this, martial arts schools awarded progress with less frequent menkyo licenses or secret scrolls.
There was still no external differentiation between y?dansha (black belt ranks) and mudansha (those who had not yet attained a dan grade). Different athletic departments within the Japanese school system were already using markers of rank, most notably in swimming, where advanced swimmers wore a black ribbon around their waists. Kano adopted the custom of having his y?dansha wear black obi (belts) in 1886.
At that time, these obi were not the belts that karateka and j?d?ka wear today; the students were still practicing in kimono. They wore the wide obi still worn with formal kimono. In 1907, Kan? invented the modern keikogi (white practice uniforms), and belts in white for mudansha and black for y?dansha.
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Modern usage in go
Traditionally, the level of go players has been defined using ky? and dan ranks. Kyu ranks are considered student ranks, whilst dan ranks are considered master ranks. Especially in amateur play, these ranks facilitate the handicapping system, with a difference of one rank roughly corresponding to one free move at the beginning of the game. With the ready availability of calculators and computers, "rating" systems have been introduced. In such systems, a rating is rigorously calculated on the basis of game results.
Dan (abbreviated online as "d") ranks are for advanced players. Although many organizations let players choose their own ky? rank to a certain extent, dan ranks are often regulated. This means that players will have to show good results in tournaments or pass exams to be awarded a dan rank. Serious students of the game will often strive to attain a dan rank. Dan ranks are generally available up to about 7th dan; professional player ranks go up to 9th dan.
Modern usage in shogi
Like in go, shogi has also traditionally used "dan" and "ky?" ranks to define the playing strength of a shogi player. Amateur players can, through over-the-board (OTB) play, achieve ranks from 15 ky? to 8 dan. In addition to dan and ky?, an ELO-type rating system is also used by the Japan Amateur Shogi Association for the tournaments it organizes.
The ranking system used by the Japan Shogi Association, or JSA, for professionals uses similar terminology, but is actually quite different in terms of ability. Professional player ranks start at 4 dan and go up to 9 dan. There also used to be 10 dan ranking, but this is no longer used. Amateur players train to become professionals at one of the JSA's apprentice training schools and are ranked from 6 ky? to 3 dan. Since only exceptionally strong amateur players are able to qualify for the sh?reikai, it is generally believed that the typical sh?reikai 6 ky? is at least the equivalent of an amateur 3 or 4 dan player. Sh?reikai 3 dan players who either win or finish runner-up in one of the two 3 dan league tournaments held each year are awarded the rank of 4 dan and granted professional status.
Although there is no difference in the systems used for men and women amateurs, the JSA and the Ladies Professional Shogi-players' Association of Japan, or LPSA, do use a slightly different system for ranking women professionals. Women professionals are ranked from 3 ky? to 6 dan and it is commonly believed that even the strongest women professionals are generally only equivalent in playing strength to sh?reikai 1 or 2 dan ranked players. In fact, no woman professional has ever successfully completed the Sh?reikai system and been awarded the rank of 4 dan. Only three women have made it as far as 1 dan in the sh?reikai and of those three only one has made it as far as 3 dan.
Usage in martial arts
While the use of the ky?/dan system, and colored belts is common to both gendai bud? or arts of other east Asian origin, and to arts that are derived from these, or from other areas, it is not universal.
In Japanese martial arts
In modern times, a dan-ranked practitioner of a style is usually recognized as a martial artist who has surpassed the ky?, or basic, ranks. They may also become a licensed instructor in their art. In many styles, however, achieving a dan rank means that, while one is no longer considered a beginner, one is not yet necessarily an expert. Rather, it indicates a high degree of competence across a reasonable range of techniques.
The total number of dan ranks is style-specific (1st through 5th and 1st through 10th are common in Japanese martial arts). The lower dan grades can normally be attained through a grading examination or sometimes through competition. The higher dan grades usually require years of experience and contribution to the relevant modern martial art. This may be through instruction or research and publication. These grades can only be awarded by a higher-graded representative of the principal dojo or sometimes by a steering committee. There is no set achievement level that is universal. Ranking systems are specific to the school or style, so ranks do not necessarily translate across different martial arts styles. In fact, dan ranks do not necessarily indicate one wears a black belt. In martial arts such as iaid?, kend? or j?d?, no external signifier of rank is worn, though a black belt is by far the most recognizable symbol to the general public.
The highest dan ranks are sometimes reserved for the founder or leaders of a style and only high-ranking students can be promoted to them. For example, only five living people hold a tenth dan in judo and only about thirty-five worldwide have been promoted to the rank since its inception; of those 10th dan promotions only fifteen were conferred by the Kodokan, all of them to Japanese judoka. This has led to upper level ranks becoming extinct in some arts. In other styles, the dan ranks are not the highest level that might be attained, with instructor certification and judge/judgment authorization being understood as higher-level or more sophisticated.
Ranks in Japanese
Many arts use between one and ten dan ranks:
In some martial arts, black belts are worn for all dan grades. In others, the highest grade (10th dan) wears a red colored belt. In J?do and Shotokan 6th to 8th dan may wear a red and white-patterned belt and 9th to 10th dan may wear a solid red belt. There is some variation even within styles. Generally, belts do not have markings that indicate the actual dan grade. Okinawan styles used gold bars to denote the various masters titles rather than grades after fifth dan. Thus one gold stripe designated Renshi (??), two designated Ky?shi (??), and three designated Hanshi (??). In the early 2000s, different Okinawan styles started using the stripes to designate individual dan grades above godan. Others, including may Uechi organizations, have followed suit, while others have not.
In many styles shodan implies that the basics of the style have been mastered. At about sandan, the student may start teaching independently but under the supervision of his teacher. The license for this level is shid?in (???), literally "man of instruction/coaching", which is often translated as "assistant instructor." At about the grade of godan, the holder may receive a full teaching license: shihan (??), literally "instructor/model." Traditionally, a holder may open his own school with this license. Many styles also have the separate teaching or "master" grades of renshi, kyoshi, and hanshi.
Generally, the lower dan grades represent greater knowledge and understanding of the art along with physical skill. The higher the dan grade, the more leadership ability, teaching experience, and service to the style play a role in promotion.
In modern Kendo, the dan system was recently changed so that 8th dan is the highest attainable rank. Unlike Judo, all dan promotion within the ZNKR, IKF and its member countries is by examination. Whereas dan grades are awarded for technical ability, there is a parallel shogo system awarding the higher teaching grades of renshi, kyoshi, and hanshi. Renshi and kyoshi are awarded by written examination while hanshi by election.
Although the dan system is distinctly Japanese, it has been adopted by many other martial arts styles. The dan system and the well-known symbol of a black belt have been absorbed into common usage to represent a person with above-average or highly trained skills in a particular discipline.
Chinese martial arts
Since 1998, the Chinese Wushu Association together with the National Sport Commission and the Chinese Wushu Research Institute has established a graduation system based on nine Duan levels. In 2011 the Duan Wei system was changed and a set of style books was issued for duan wei 1-6 exams each level can be examined on preset forms and applications including partner forms the badge has also been changed to include the duan wei number i.e. 1-6. Entry level for experienced pracitioners has now been limited to 3rd Duan and below so as to tighten up the rankings.
Symbol: ?? Duan Wei "level"
Beginning Level:
So-called basic duans for students with some years of experience.
1. Qingying--yi duan: Bronze/blue Eagle
2. Yinying--er duan: Silver Eagle
3. Jinying--san duan: Gold Eagle
Intermediate Level:
Middle-level duans are for wushu students/coaches who are able to teach and have between 5 and 10 years wushu coaching experience depending on level applied for. Starting from 5th Duan, there has to be proof of a scientific work in wushu research, i.e. publications, DVD, training of Duanwei examined students. Six Duanwei can use the title of Master as this is the highest technical grade.
4. Qinghu--si duan: Bronze/blue Tiger
5. Yinhu--wu duan: Silver Tiger
6. Jinhu--liu duan: Gold Tiger
Advanced Level:
Advanced level is only awarded to very experienced masters with excellent reputation in Wushu. The person awarded such a Duan is officially allowed to call himself "Grand Master".
7. Qinglong--qi duan: Bronze/blue Dragon
8. Yinlong--ba duan: Silver Dragon
9. Jinlong--jiu duan: Gold Dragon
The term Dan was used on the badges up to 2005 when the term Duan was then used on the badges, however the term Dan was never used on the certificates of grade, the certificates always use the term Duanwei.
Korean martial arts
Korean martial arts lacked a grading system up until the Japanese occupation (1910-1945) during which a variety of Japanese martial arts were introduced into the Korean school system, most notably judo, karate-do and kendo. After the occupation ended, newly emerging martial arts like taekwondo, tang soo do, soo bahk do and hapkido adopted the dan (?, ?) and geup (?, ?) ranks. The dan rank system is also used by baduk players. Nowadays, the Korea Taekkyon Association also issues dan ranks to taekkyeon practitioners.
Someone who has received a dan rank is called a yudanja (???, ???). Someone who has received a "high" dan rank (6th Dan upwards) is called a "godanja" (???, ???).
In some Korean schools, most notably in Kukkiwon-style Taekwondo, there is also a poom system in place (?, ?; "pum" using standard Romanization). Practitioners who have not yet reached the age of 15 cannot test for a dan rank. For them, there is a system of four poom grades. After they reach the age of 15, their poom-grade can be changed to the corresponding "dan"-grade.
Ranks in Korean
When numbering the dan ranks, Sino-Korean numbers are used. Common names for the dan ranks are thus:
- Il dan (??): first-degree black belt (also known as cho dan (?? hanja: ??))
- Yi dan (??): second-degree black belt
- Sam dan (??): third-degree black belt
- Sa dan (??): fourth-degree black belt
- O dan (??): fifth-degree black belt
- Yuk dan (??): sixth-degree black belt
- Chil dan (??): seventh-degree black belt
- Pal dan (??): eighth-degree black belt
- Gu dan (??): ninth-degree black belt
- Ship dan (??): tenth-degree black belt
For most Korean martial arts, the dan ranks do not go past ninth dan, although on some occasions in some organizations, a tenth dan (??) has been issued.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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